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Rutile

By Tim Matthews, JD, FGA, GG, DGA,
CEO and President of JTV (retired)
Published: June 2014
Modified: May 2023
Rutile Polished Rutile Rough
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Table of Contents
  • General Information
  • Rutile Colors
  • Rutile Spectra
  • Countries of Origin
  • Care
  • Creation Classification

The name rutile comes from the Latin rutilas, meaning "reddish," as this mineral is usually red to golden in color. Rutile forms in a wide array of habits. It is often seen as an inclusion within gems either as large needles that make bold patterns, or as fine, microscopic fibers that cause chatoyancy and asterism in gems. It is highly refractive and is occasionally found in facetable sizes.

General Information

  • Classification
  • Optical Properties
  • Characteristic Physical Properties
  • Chemistry & Crystallography
Common Name
Rutile
Transparency
Opaque-Transparent
Dispersion
Strength: Extreme Fire Value: 0.33
Refractive Index
Over the Limit 2.616-2.903
Birefringence
0.287
Optic Character
Uniaxial
Optic Sign
Positive
Polariscope Reaction
Doubly Refractive (DR)
Fluorescence
SWUV: Inert
LWUV: Inert
CCF Reaction
None
Pleochroism
Dichroic, Strong, varying shades of body color
Hardness
6-6.5
Streak
Grayish Black, Pale Brown, Light Yellow
Specific Gravity
4.200-4.300 Typical:4.26
Toughness
Fair
Luster
Adamantine, Submetallic, Metallic
Fracture
Conchoidal, Uneven
Cleavage
Good, in two directions
Chemical Name
titanium oxide
Chemical Formula
TiO2
Crystal System
Tetragonal
Chemistry Classification
Oxide

Rutile Colors

  • Black Rutile
    Black
  • Brown Rutile
    Brown
  • Colorless Rutile
    Colorless
  • Red Rutile
    Red
  • Yellow Rutile
    Yellow

Rutile Spectra

We acknowledge the significant scientific contributions of John S Harris, FGA to the study of gemstone spectra and with deep appreciation to him, acknowledges the use of his images and related notes about gemstones and their spectra in the educational materials on this website.

Countries of Origin

Myanmar; Russian Federation; Unknown; Sri Lanka; Brazil

Care

Normal, gentle care

Creation Classification

Rutile (Synthetic)

Synthetic rutile can be produced synthetically by either the Czochralski method or flame fusion method.Because of rutile's high refractive index, it was used as an early diamond simulant. However, it is rarely used today as such because of its low hardness.Synthetic gems have the same chemical, optical, and physical properties of their natural counterparts, but are a more cost-effective alternative to a natural gem.

Rutile (Synthetic) Rutile
Rutile (Synthetic) Rutile
  • Classification
  • Optical Properties
  • Characteristic Physical properties
Common Name
Rutile (Synthetic)
Dispersion
Strength: extreme fire Value: 0.33
Refractive Index
Over the Limit 2.616-2.903
Birefringence
0.287
Fluorescence
SWUV: Inert
LWUV: Inert
Pleochroism
Dichroic, strong, varying shades of body color
Specific Gravity
4.23
Inclusions
Synthetic rutile is generally flawless but gas bubbles are possible.
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