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Serpentine

Rock

By Tim Matthews, JD, FGA, GG, DGA,
CEO and President of JTV
Published: June 2014
Modified: November 2021
Serpentine Polished Serpentine Rough
Table of Contents
  • General Information
  • Serpentine Colors
  • Alternate Names
  • Countries of Origin
  • Care
  • Species/Variety
  • Related Videos

Serpentine is well known to the world's mineralogists and gemologists, but is much less familiar to the general public. The marbled look of this green stone makes it ideal as an ornamental material, and it has been carved into a wide array of decorative objects throughout history. Although serpentine has a similar appearance to jade, it is a different, unrelated series of minerals.

General Information

  • Classification
  • Optical Properties
  • Characteristic Physical Properties
  • Chemistry & Crystallography
Common Name
Serpentine
Species
Rock
Transparency
Semitransparent - Opaque
Dispersion
Strength: None
Refractive Index
1.538-1.570 Tolerance: (+0.004/-0.070)
Birefringence
0.005- 0.012
Optic Character
Uniaxial and Biaxial
Optic Sign
Negative
Polariscope Reaction
Aggregate (AGG)
Fluorescence
SWUV: Inert to weak blue
LWUV: Inert to weak green
CCF Reaction
None
Pleochroism
None
Hardness
2.5-6
Streak
White
Specific Gravity
2.440-2.800 Range:0.23/-0.13 Typical:2.570
Toughness
Poor
Inclusions
Stones often have black inclusions of chromite or magnetite octahedra, color is usually spotty with white veining or moss-like inclusions. Stones will not take a good polish and often show scratches due to low mohs hardness.
Luster
Waxy, Resinous, Greasy, Silky, Dull
Fracture
Granular, Uneven
Cleavage
None
Chemical Name
hydrous magnesium iron phyllosilicate
Chemical Formula
(Mg,Fe,Ni)3Si2O5(OH)4
Crystal System
Monoclinic
Chemistry Classification
Silicate

Serpentine Colors

  • Gray Serpentine
    Gray
  • Yellow Serpentine
    Yellow
  • White Serpentine
    White
  • Pink Serpentine
    Pink
  • Orange Serpentine
    Orange
  • Multi-color Serpentine
    Multi-color
  • Brown Serpentine
    Brown
  • Green Serpentine
    Green
  • Black Serpentine
    Black

Alternate Names

Antigorite, Bowenite, Williamsite, Verd-Antique, Bastite, Chrysotile

Countries of Origin

Afghanistan; Russian Federation; United States of America; Madagascar; United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Congo; India; Greece; New Zealand; Canada; Austria; Pakistan; Unknown; China; Brazil; Italy; South Africa; Australia

Care

Serpentine is very soft, so be mindful of scratching. Avoid sudden temperature changes, chemicals, and ultrasonic cleaners. Requires gentle handling

Species/Variety

Lizardite

Lizardite is a common component in serpentine rocks and it is named for Lizard Peninsula in Cornwall, England where it was first discovered. It is often used for decorative objects and beads for jewelry.

  • Classification
  • Characteristic Physical properties
Common Name
Lizardite
Specific Gravity
2.55
Toughness
Poor
Stability
Poor

Williamsite

Williamsite is a semi-transparent to translucent variety of antigorite, a mineral in the serpentine group. Williamsite was named in honor of 19th century American mineral collector L.W. Williams, who first discovered it. With a range of green hues, its color has a marked resemblance to two more expensive gems, jade and chrysoprase, and is used as a simulant of both. Williamsite exhibits an oily luster when polished and often contains minor inclusions of chromite and magnetite.

Williamsite Serpentine
Williamsite Serpentine
  • Classification
  • Optical Properties
  • Characteristic Physical properties
Common Name
Williamsite
Refractive Index
1.53-1.575
Fluorescence
SWUV: Inert
LWUV: Weak whitish-green
Pleochroism
Unobservable
Specific Gravity
2.51
Toughness
Poor
Inclusions
Williamsite is often included with black octahedral chromite or magnetite inclusions. Stones often shows scratches and poor polish due to low mohs hardness. .
Stability
Poor

Verd Antique

Verde-antique is a name applied to serpentine rock that exhibits veins of minerals, such as calcite, dolomite, and magnesite. The material is a dark green with a mottled appearance due to various mineral inclusions. Verde-antique has been a popular decorative stone for thousands of years.

  • Classification
  • Optical Properties
  • Characteristic Physical properties
Common Name
Verd Antique
Refractive Index
1.56-1.57
Toughness
Poor
Inclusions
Verd-antique is dark green serpentinite breccia that is mottled in appearance with white calcite or dolomite veins.
Stability
Poor

Chrysotile

Chrysotile, a fibrous form of serpentine, is also a major source of asbestos worldwide. Its color ranges from white to gray, yellowish brown to brown, and shades of green. Chrysotile has a fibrous, splintery fracture, no cleavage and silky luster. Chrysotile is used most commonly for industrial purposes.

Chrysotile Serpentine
Chrysotile Serpentine
  • Classification
  • Optical Properties
  • Characteristic Physical properties
Common Name
Chrysotile
Refractive Index
1.53-1.549
Birefringence
0.001
Pleochroism
Unobservable
Specific Gravity
2.5
Toughness
Poor
Inclusions
Chrysotile is fibrous and often mottled or veined.
Stability
Poor

Bowenite

One of the most common serpentine varieties in the gem trade is bowenite, one of the hardest of the serpentine minerals. It is a massive variety of antigorite that ranges from blue-green to green and green to yellow. It is translucent to semi-translucent, and has been used in various types of jewelry, as well as in decorative and ornamental applications.

Bowenite Serpentine
Bowenite Serpentine
  • Classification
  • Optical Properties
  • Characteristic Physical properties
Common Name
Bowenite
Refractive Index
1.53-1.575
CCF Reaction
reddish if dyed
Pleochroism
Unobservable
Specific Gravity
2.58
Toughness
Poor
Inclusions
Bowenite might show greenish sparkling chlorite inclusions and often shows scratches and poor polish due to low mohs hardness.
Stability
Good

Antigorite

Antigorite is a hard, compact variety of serpentine occurring either in corrugated plates or fibers. Serpentine is well known to mineralogists and gemologists, but is much less familiar to the general public. Often similar to jade in appearance, it is primarily used an ornamental material and has been carved into a wide array of decorative objects throughout history. Antigorite is usually green, but may be yellowish, gray, brown or black.

Antigorite Serpentine
Antigorite Serpentine
  • Classification
  • Optical Properties
  • Characteristic Physical properties
Common Name
Antigorite
Refractive Index
1.557-1.571
Pleochroism
Unobservable
Specific Gravity
2.58
Toughness
Poor
Inclusions
Antigorite often shows scratches and poor polish due to low mohs hardness. Stones are fine grained and has a flaky structure.
Stability
Poor

Ricolite

Ricolite is a banded rock containing serpentine minerals and talc. Ricolite is named for a find in Rico, New Mexico, but the material has also been found in Mexico.

Ricolite Serpentine
Ricolite Serpentine
  • Classification
  • Optical Properties
  • Characteristic Physical properties
Common Name
Ricolite
Pleochroism
Unobservable
Toughness
Poor
Inclusions
Bands of talc
Stability
Poor

Connemara Marble

Ireland’s unofficial national gemstone, Connemara marble is a calcite marble that contains large amounts of serpentine. Green in color, its name comes from the locality in western Ireland where it is mined. Mining of this ornamental rock is one of Ireland’s oldest industries and there’s even a visitor’s center devoted to this decorative stone. The perfect stone to represent Ireland, which has long been known as the ‘Emerald Isle’, Connemara marble has been carved into a wide variety of decorative items throughout history. Known since the Stone Age, Connemara marble has also been used over the centuries as a medium of exchange.

Connemara Marble Serpentine
Connemara Marble Serpentine
  • Classification
  • Optical Properties
  • Characteristic Physical properties
Common Name
Connemara Marble
Pleochroism
Unobservable
Specific Gravity
2.50
Toughness
Poor
Stability
Fair

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